jihad (jehad), originally, as in the Koran, a striving for power; today, is has come to mean a Muslim holy war against unbelievers.

Jija, a Jain merchant of the Digamber sect, son of Bagherwal Mahajan Sahani. Jija is said to have built Chittor's KIRTI STAMBH (Tower of Fame) in the 12^th century; it is dedicated to ADINATH, the first of the twenty-four Jain TIRTHANKARAS.

Jinghiz Khan: see GENGHIS KHAN.

Jivan Sagar: see BADI LAKE.

Jizya (Jazia), a poll or head tax the Delhi Sultans imposed on their non-Muslim subjects. Theoretically, the tax money was to be used for charitable purposes and the payment of salaries and pensions. In practice, the money went into the private treasuries of the rulers. Usually, those who converted to Islam were no longer required to pay the jizya. Emperor AKBAR (1556-1605) of the Mughal dynasty abolished the tax after an alliance with the Rajput princes. The later Mughal emperor, AURANGZEB (1658-1707) reimposed the jizya in 1679. A Rajput revolt followed (1680-1681), which was put down. The tax was temporarily revoked then reimposed, and remained at least until Aurangzeb's death in 1707. It was abolished totally during the reign of Emperor Farrukhsiyar.

Jodh Singh. There were several leading members of clans who had this name. They came from Bambora (Choondawat); Bambori (Paramara); Dharyavad (Sisodia); Kherabad (Baba); Kotharia (Chauhan); Peeladhar (Sisodia), and Salumbar (Choondawat).

Jodha, Crown Prince of Marwar, later founder of the city of JODHPUR. See also MOKAL, MAHARANA.

Jodhpur, capital of the erstwhile kingdom of MARWAR; founded (1459) by the chief of the Rathore clan, Rao Jodha after his unsuccessful campaign to take over Mewar (see CHOONDA, PRINCE).

johar: see JAUHAR.

John Company: see BRITISH, THE.

Jolawas, an estate (jagir) held by Kunwar Kachra, a son of Maharana PRATAP SINGH I.

Jorawar Singh. There were several leading members of clans who had this name. They came from Bavlas (Sisodia); Bhagwanpura (Choondawat); Bhindar (Saktawat); Semari (Saktawat), and Tal (Choondawat).

Jorla Pol, Chittorgarh, fifth gateway leading up to the fort. See also GATES (POLS) IN UDAIPUR.

juhar, (Hindi) a salutation, only sent by a superior (e.g., a Rana) to an inferior such as a minister or vassal.